When Would I Ever Need a Complex Fraction Again?
Герундий Значения equally и by Суффикс -ize (-ise) Префикс over-Text 8A. A New Era for Aircraft Text 8B. The Return of the Dirigibles Text 8C. Off the Ground: How do We Find Where We are Going?
Text 8D. New York
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1.Найдите в предложениях герундий по его признакам, переведите.
i. On detecting danger on the road the computer signals the driver. two. Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the purpose of the «nighttime vision system». iii. 1 of the main bug of a driver on the route is keeping the speed constant and watching the cars ahead. 4. A new device for monitoring and adjusting air pressure in tires has recently been developed. five. Earlier starting a car one must examine information technology carefully. 6. Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes. vii. Alexander Bell's beingness a teacher of deaf people influenced his interest in sound and its manual. 8. Samuel Morse's hobby was experimenting with electricity. 9. Driving a truck in the city is difficult.
Упражнение 2.Определите формы и функции герундия.
ane. 1 of the all-time ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose. 2. Newton's having made a fault in his calculations has no influence on his theory. iii. On being turned
on the radar will warn the driver of stationary or slow-moving objects on the road. 4. Upon being heated the molecules begin moving very rapidly. 5. The white line in the eye of the road is one of the virtually effective means of decision-making traffic. half-dozen. On graduating from the University S.P. Korolev began working in the field of rocket blueprint. vii. The part of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the route weather. 8. Monitoring and adjusting air pressure level in tires is one of the new developments of the car designers. 9. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems without using supercomputers. 10. On seeing a cherry-red light on a panel and on hearing a warning sound the commuter should subtract the speed. 11. Past picking up infrared rays emitted by objects ahead of the machine an imhistoric period-processing system produces different images of objects. 12. On studying for half an hour earlier an exam i should switch over to some other activity.
Упражнение 3.Переведите предложения и запомните значения выделенных слов.
A. 1. When the offset self-propelled vehicles appeared, measures
were taken to limit their speed in many countries. 2. His having
measuredthe altitude will enable him to calculate the intensity of
low-cal. 3. The universal system of measuresand weights was worked
out past the French University of Science in 1791. four. The distance
from the North Pole to the Equator was measured,i-fourth was
taken and divided into ten million equal parts. I of these parts
was called a «measure out»or «a meter».
B. 1. Ane of the earliest ideas to propel a vehicle usingmechan
ical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. 2. Having useda steam-
driven engine a French engineer built a three-wheeled vehicle for
two passengers. iii. At the cease of the 19th century the utilizeof cars was
still very limited. 4. Constant efforts are fabricated to employstandard com
ponents for the cars. v. The useof multi-cylinder engines greatly
increased the speed of cars. half-dozen. North. Otto having usedthe gasoline en
gine, motor cars got the standard shape and advent.
C. one. Many timesAlexander Bell wanted to stop his experi
ments being unable to get any results. 2. Since ancient timespeople
dreamt of flying. three. Four times5 is equal to twenty. iv. There is
much more lithium on the earth than zinc, 130 timesmore than
cadmium. 5. The magnesium-lithium alloy is 1.5 timeslighter than
aluminium and 4.5 timeslighter than iron.
Упражнение iv.Переведите предложения и запомните различные значения as.
1. People no longer retrieve of the radio and television as something fantastic. 2. It was necessary to lay cables beyond the Atlantic Body of water as there was no radio or satellites at that fourth dimension. 3. Rocket launching, concerts, football and tennis matches tin can be seen on Boob tube as they occur. 4. As the operation of integrated circuits depends on microscopic components, the purity of all materials at the plant must be very high. five. One tin meet that there is no chief difference betwixt iron and copper as conductors. vi. President T. Jefferson offered his personal library as the basis for the national library. 7. It is difficult for the kickoff-twelvemonth students to report at the institute as they do not know nevertheless how to organize their piece of work and time. 8. No arrangement of the by was equally simple as the metric system. nine. Such metals equally atomic number 26, cobalt, and nickel are much more magnetic than whatever other known substances. 10. Cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen are used to cool the shipping surface. eleven. Metallurgists are trying to make composite materials as strong and light as possible. 12. Measures must exist taken to keep Moscow air every bit clean every bit possible. 13. Engineers are working at the problem of making computers as pocket-size every bit possible.
Упражнение five.Переведите предложения, учитывая различные значения предлога past.
1. Information technology should exist said that according to estimates the product of materials in infinite is to bring 60 billion dollars past 2030. 2. The best style to written report earlier the test is by irresolute i's action every 30 minutes. 3. The showtime cocky-propelled vehicle in Russia was made past Kulibin in the eighteen-thursday century. iv. Driving a new Japanese car a driver will find his way fifty-fifty in Sahara by switching over to a navigation Earth satellite. 5. By 1960 the number of cars in the world has reached sixty meg. 6. A driver may avoid collisions on the road past using a radar arrangement. 7. Newton's bang-up piece of work «Principia» was published by Halley, the famous astronomer, who paid his ain money for it. 8. The cosmonauts were told to increase their daily exercises past 30 minutes.
Упражнение б. А.Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.
a new form of supersonic ship, prospective model, elongated fuselage, without horizontal stabilizer, cover the distance, less than ii hours, overall length, overall shipping weight, at high velocities, lower atmosphere, the skin is heated, the only way out,
one of the ways, combined engines, combined with, as economic as possible.
единственный выход, комбинированные двигатели, менее двух часов, без горизонтального стабилизатора, нижние слои атмосферы, один из путей, удлиненный фюзеляж, общий вес самолета, обшивка нагревается, на больших скоростях, общая длина, как можно более экономично, перспективная модель, новый вид сверхзвукового транспорта, в сочетании с, покрывать расстояние.
В. Переведите словосочетания.
today's aircraft, ordinary aircraft, ordinary aircraft windows, passenger liner, futurity superliners of such a form, reliable hypersonic aeroplane, look similar a rocket, 5 times in a higher place the speed of sound, diameter of the fuselage, the forepart of the cabin, the skin is heated to a very loftier temperature, highly economic engines, new generation model.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Упражнение7. Образуйте и переведите производные слова согласно образцу:
прилагательное или существительное + ize/ise = глагол special — специальный -» specialize — специализировать(ся) computer, ideal, crystal, central;
префикс over- (сверх-; пере-) to estrus — нагревать -» to overheat — перегревать production, agile, grow, guess.
Упражнение 8.Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
aviation, aeroplane, projection, passenger, liner, model ['modi], fuselage ['fju:zila:3], horizontal stabilizer ['steibilaiza], rocket, distance, meter ['mi:ta], diameter [dai'aemita], motel, technological, problem, thermodynamics ['9a:maudai'naemiks], aerodynamics ['saraudai'naemiks], per cent, efficiency [I'fifansi], extreme [iks'tri:m], temperature ['tempntfa], cryogenic ['kraiacfeenik].
Упражнение ix.Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.
supersonic ['sju:pa'sonik], hypersonic ['haipa'sonik], Paris ['paeris], Tokyo ['taukjau], airplane [plein], hours ['auaz], reliable [ri'laiabl], combined [kam'baind], engine ['encfein], estrus-insulat-
ing [hi:t 'insjuleitiqj, extreme [iks'tri.1000], generate ['djendreit], generation, in full general, require [n'kwaid], fuel [fjudl], liquid ['likwid], hydrogen ['haidndjen], surface ['sd:fis], vaporize ['veiperaiz], inject [in'djekt], combustion [kem'bAStjen], chamber ['tfeimbd], percentage [pe'senticfe].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
stressп — напряжение apart from— помимо, кроме way out— выход
amount п — количество denotev — объявлять, заявлять
combine5 — сочетать(ся), комбинировать(ся), объединяться)
combined with— в сочетании с combustion п — горение complicated p.p. — сложный conventional а стандартный currently adv -время
disadvantage п — недостаток measure п — мера noise п — шум overall а — полный, общий overcomev — преодолевать resistance п — сопротивление
efficiency п — производительность, КПД, эффективность e.g. (for example) — например waitv — ожидать, предполагать
extreme а — крайний, чрезвычайный
friction п — трение fuel п — топливо rutv — нагревать(ся) injectv — впрыскивать, вводить
mainly adv — главным образом structure п — конструкция, структура
substitutev — заменять, подставлять
vaporize5 — испарять(ся) velocity п — скорость
Text 8А
Прочитайте текст по абзацам и озаглавьте их. Назовите основные проблемы, рассмотренные в каждом абзаце. Скажите, какие абзацы можно объединить под одним заглавием. Переведите текст.
A New Era for Aircraft
Aviation experts expect that today'south shipping volition begin to be replaced with some new form of supersonic ship in a few years' time. A 21st century hypersonic aircraft may open a new age of aircraft design.
The designers of this land displayed the project of such a supersonic passenger liner amidst the prospective models at ane of the latest Aerospace Salon held on the sometime Le Bourget airfield1 in Paris. An elongated fuselage with a sharp nose and without a horizontal stabilizer makes it wait more than like a rocket. The speed matches the lookstwo. This plane will wing at a speed five to six times above the speed of sound, e.g., it will cover the altitude between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. The bore of the fuselage will exist 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters, with the motel accomodating 300 passengers. The time to come superplanes of such a grade will have no windows, only the passengers can enjoythree watching the panorama of the Earth on the TV monitor at the front of the cabin. They will fly so fast that ordinary aircraft windows would make the structure also weak to withstand the stresses at such a speed. At loftier velocities the air resistance in the lower temper is so great that the pare is heated to very loftier temperature. The but style out is to fly higher. Therefore, airliners' routes volition mainly prevarication in the stratosphere.
In general, to build a reliable hypersonic plane ane has to overcome a whole prepare of technological and scientific difficulties. Autonomously from creating highly economic combined engines and heat-insulating materials4, designers have to make such an amount of thermodynamic computations that can't exist performed without using supercomputers. One of the ways to make planes as economical every bit possible is lightening the aircraft past substituting new composite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting forv less than v per cent of the overall aircraft weight at present, the percent of composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation models. An all-encompassing apply of new materials combined with better aerodynamics and engines will allow increasing fuel efficiency past one-3rd6.
Because of the farthermost temperatures generated past the atmosphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated cooling measures. Ane possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such every bit liquid hydrogen, equally both coolantsseven and propellants. The fuel menstruuming through the aircraft'due south skin would cool the surfaces every bit it vaporizes earlier being injected into combustion chamber.
In add-on, specialists in many countries are currently working on new propeller engines considered much more than economical and less noisy than jets. The just disadvantage is that propeller planes fly slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been appear that specialists succeeded in8 solving this problem. Every bit a event a ventilator engine with a propeller oft fibre-glass blades has been built, each being five meters long. It volition be mounted in the experimental passenger aeroplane.
Notes to the Text
1. Le Bourget airfield — аэропорт Ле Бурже
2. the looks — внешний вид
3. tin can enjoy — с удовольствием (здесь)
four. rut-insulating materials — теплоизолирующие материалы
5. accounting for — составляя
6. by one-tertiary — на одну треть
7. coolant — охлаждающая жидкость
8. succeeded in — удалось
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 10.Просмотрите текст 8А и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is this text about? 2. What aircraft was displayed in Paris? 3. What are the characteristics of the new liner? four. What are the difficulties in building a hypersonic plane?
Упражнение 11.Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 8А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.
1. Today's aircraft will be replaced with a new form of supersonic transport in a few years' fourth dimension. 2. The new hypersonic shipping that looks like a rocket will cover the distance betwixt Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. 3. The future superliner of this form volition have big windows that volition allow passengers to watch the panorama of the World. 4. Airliner's routes volition mainly lie in the stratosphere because the air resistance in the lower temper is also bully. 5. Designers can hands make all the necessary thermody-namic calculations to build a reliable hypersonic plane. 6. It is possible to lighten the aircraft past substituting conventional metal alloys for new composite materials. 7. Cryogenic fuels are used as both coolants and propellants. 8. The keen advantage of propeller planes is that they fly faster than jet planes.
Упражнение 12.Найдите в тексте 8А герундий (см. 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы).
Упражнение xiii.Найдите герундий в функции обстоятельства, переведите предложения.
1. Flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo on lath a new supersonic craft will accept two hours. 2. On examining the automobile earlier starting on a long journey a driver can be sure that he will get to his destination without accidents. iii. Past summing upwards the information about the speed and altitude of various objects on the road, the computer de-
tects all possible dangers. iv. A superliner of a new kind will be capable of flying at five times above the speed of the sound. five. The only mode of overcoming the cracking air resistance at loftier velocities is flying college. 6. At low speeds the engine tin utilise turbines for compressing the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. seven. In the future, in switching over to the new Earth satellite a driver tin exist sure of coming safely to his destination. 8. Cryogenic fuels will vaporize before existence injected into combustion chamber. 9. In flowing over the aircraft's surface the fuel cools its peel. x. On reaching its cruising speed the supersonic liner will fly at 100,000 feet in a higher place the World. 11. By using supercomputers it is possible to avert making mistakes in extremely complicated ther-modynamic computations. 12. A new carburetor offers easier starting in cold weather. 13. Past using the automatic guidance system a driver will exist able to brand long journeys without concentrating on the road weather. 14. It is impossible to solve economic problems without using the achievements of the scientific and technological progress.
Упражнение 14.Найдите герундий в парах предложений, переведите их.
one. Overcoming these difficulties is not so easy as it may seem. Overcoming these difficulties the designers can increment the fuel efficiency. two. Setting a trouble the scientist makes the get-go pace to its solution. Setting a problem is the outset step to its solution. 3. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours this superliner develops a speed five times above the speed of sound. Covering the altitude between Tokyo and Moscow on board a superliner requires about ii hours. iv. Putting the discovery into exercise the engineers will solve a complicated technological job. Putting the discovery into practice sometimes requires more endeavour than making information technology.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 15.Образуйте прилагательные от глаголов или существительных по образцу:
move — двинуть, двигаться -» movable — подвижный
condolement, change, compare, control, program, measure out.
Упражнение 16.Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова.
reliable, elongate, percentage, stabilizer, stabilize, prospective, carrier, brilliant, relativity, intelligent, intelligence, assistance, fu-
selage, mainly, encircle, departure, statement, hypersonic, liner, horizontal, powerful.
Упражнение 17.Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.
конструктор — design, designer, to design стабилизировать — stabilizer, stability, stabilize самый последний — latest, belatedly, later on эффективный — efficient, efficiency, efficiently характеристика, работа — perform, performing, performance надежно — reliable, reliability, reliably немыслимый — thinking, thinkable, unthinkable невесомость — weightlessness, weightless, weight
Упражнение 18.Определите, синонимами или антонимами являются приведенные пары слов.
reward — disadvantage; to remain — to stay; reliable — united nationsreliable; fast — deadening; autonomously from — besides, in improver; capable — incapable; to begin — to start; liquid — solid; to cool — to estrus; possible — incommunicable; weak — stiff; to build — to break; aircraft — plane; engine — motor.
Упражнение 19.Переведите выделенные слова и словосочетания, запомните их.
1. At higher schools specialization mostly begins in the tertiary year. two. Present we more often than not have computers at every establish. 3. This doesn't ameliorate the speed of transport vehicles in full general and that of an auto in particular. iv. The general principles of the blueprint of new ship machines in general and diesel locomotives in particular can be establish in the new magazine. 5. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a 2d volition get available in the almost future. 6. Because of the farthermost temperatures generated past atmospheric friction a arts and crafts volition require protection. 7.The generation of electric power increases every yr.
Упражнение 20.Определите, какой частью речи является в предложении выделенное слово. Переведите.
1. Telly has a peachy number of uses nowadays. ii. This car uses a new sensor mechanism. iii. A. Bell wanted to build a mechanism that people could use to talk to one another over long distances. 4. The new material tin be applied in manufacturing components much smaller than those in utilize today. five. The Library of Congress serves not only Members of the Congress, but re-
searchers and scientists who useit. vi. In Russian universities there is no accuse for the employ of reading rooms, laboratories and libraries. 7. Measuresto keep Moscow's air clean are important components of our ecological plan. viii. A thermometer is a device that measurestemperature. nine. Computers can do many things, they can commandmachines in factories, cars on roads, play chess and so on. 10. Computers controlnearly everything we do in the modern globe. eleven. Today dirigibles are equipped with electronic controls.
Упражнение 21.Выберите правильный глагол из приведенных в скобках.
1. The machine has ... (brought, brought near) mobility to millions of people, but at the same time polluted the atmosphere. 2. The scientific and technological achievements ... (brought, brought about) neat changes in people's life and piece of work. three. A lot of people came to ... (look at, look for) a new invention, the tv fix, at the World Fair in New York. four. Information technology was necessary ... (to look at, to look for) a more reliable method of calculation. five. The airplane «Ruslan» can ... (bear, comport out) upwardly to 150 tons. half dozen. Research is being ... (carried, carried out) for developing new composite materials to lighten aircraft structure.
Упражнение 22.Заполните пропуски предлогами by, with, for, at, in.
The steam was invented ... James Watt, who worked ... many years before he could make the instruments ... which he perfected his machine. ... starting time he worked ... primitive tools so he could non brand his engine well-regulated. The one-time car was kept going ... a boy who stood past information technology and let... the air ... means of which the steam was condensed at every revolution. ... this machine, though information technology was imperfect, some piece of work was done and it had been used ... a large mine-owner (шахтовладелец) to pump out the water. The first efficient steam-engine was made ... a Birmingham firm and it was soon used...nearly every manufacturer. The revolution in industry made ... this machine was extremely nifty.
Упражнение 23.Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их. held, flown, overcome, withstanding, lain, menses, burnt.
Упражнение 24.Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.
«Fifty-fifty the birds aren't flying today» is an old saying used to indicate that the weather for flying is extremely bad. And for man naught has a greater upshot on flying than the conditions. And because of its changing so quickly and without alert an extensive
network of weather stations has been set up for helping the pilots get all the information near conditions. Before flying pilots may get electric current weather condition data on irresolute conditions along their route or at their destination. The weather reporting system helps overcoming many difficulties in flying. In winter, e.grand., icing can cause the reduction of lift efficiency of airplane by irresolute the flow of air. Pilot's existence informed about the weather allows him to avoid weather problems. The weather beingness too bad, pilots but stay on the footing similar any wise (опытный) bird.
Conversation
Exercise ane.Reply the questions.
1. What kind of aircraft may begin a new historic period in aviation? (a hypersonic passenger liner) two. What is the shape of the new liner? (an elongated fuselage with a sharp olfactory organ) three. What distance tin the new liner comprehend in less than 2 hours? (the distance betwixt Tokyo and Moscow) iv. What are the main problems of building a reliable hypersonic liner? (developing an economic engine and new heat insulating materials combined with better aerodynamics) five. What is one of the ways to make a hypersonic liner as economical as possible? (using new blended materials) 6. What will be used for cooling a hypersonic arts and crafts? (cryogenic fuels) seven. What combined engine was developed? (a ventilator propeller engine)
Practice 2.Make a sentence out of the two parts.
1. It is expected that a new hypersonic aircraft
2. The project of such an aircraft was displayed at
3. There is no horizontal stabilizer
4. Therefore it looks more
v. The superliner will mainly wing in the stratosphere at
half dozen. The diameter of the fuselage
7. The passenger superliners of such a class volition have no windows
1. will exist four meters, overall length 100 meters and its motel will carry 300 passengers.
two. a speed five to six times above the speed of sound.
3. like a rocket.
4. since conventional aircraft
windows are too weak to with
stand high stresses at supersonic
speed.
5. the Aerospace Salon in Paris.
6. will supercede todays' aircrafts soon.
seven. in the design of a new super-liner.
Exersice3. Read and learn.
Departure
Ann: Well, adept-bye, and then! I hope y'all will have a pleasant journey.
Bob: I hope and so too. The weather isn't too bad, anyway.
A.: No, it looks good. Merely write me a few lines when you get in,
will you?
I will, indeed. And many thanks for your hospitality.
Information technology was nice having you with the states. When will you come once more?
It is hard to say. It depends on a number of things.
Requite my dear to your mother.
I will. Thanks. Goodbye.
Bob: I think, the people of today are the nearly intelligent (умный)
people who have always lived. Mary: Before answering this question I want you to listen to the following words: «Flying machines are possible. A man may sit down in
the middle of the machine and turn some device. This device
makes the artificial wings beat the air in the way of a flying
bird.» В.: Why have you said this? There is cypher new or interesting. Thousand.: But they were written six hundred years ago. В.: Oh, actually, who made this statement? G.: Roger Bacon, an English scientist. Of course, his sentences
have been made easier, only these were his words and thoughts.
Have you lot heard about him? В.: Certainly, I have heard about him. But I have thought he was
a monk (монах) and was in prison house for many years. One thousand.: You are quite right. Likewise, he made a deep study of physics.
And this was the reason (причина) for his being in prison. He
made men recall about new things. В.: Oh, Mary, Fve always said you are the most clever (умный)
girl I've ever met. Do you hold with me, Peter? Peter: Oh, sure. And I remember Bakon'south statement nigh cars that
can go very rapidly by their own ability and groovy ships on
rivers and oceans guided by ane homo.
Practice 4.Speak virtually:
1. The characteristics of a new hypersonic passenger liner.
2. The main difficulties of its construction.
Apply exercises 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: The text gives the information on... It is interesting to note that... Speaking
well-nigh... Farther description of... is given. It is pointed out that... As far every bit I know...
In conclusion I'd like to say that...
aviation designers, to brandish, to encompass the distance, overall, to heat to a very loftier temperature, new generation aircraft, to overcome difficulties in, a swell amount of, without using, extensive use of new materials, exceed, to solve a problem.
Exercise five. Comment on the following statement.
Air transport has many advantages and many disadvantages.
I point of view : It is fast, comfortable, safe, it is particularly good and efficient for long distances, it is contained of roads, it is practiced for the health because information technology is not tiring (утомительно), information technology is the most modern ways of send and information technology is the best way of travelling.
A contrary point of view : It is non safe, it is not reliable, it depends on the weather, it is not always skillful for the health, it always takes a long time to get from and to the airport, it is expensive, it is always connected with nervous strain (напряжение, стресс)
Exercise 6.Read and smiling.
A instructor was explaining fractions to the class of girls and boys. After having written several examples on the blackboard, he asked a boy whether he would prefer (предпочитать) one-fifth or one-eighth of a lemon.
«Fd prefer one-eighth, sir.»
So the teacher began explaining once more that though the fraction one-8th looked larger than the fraction one-fifth, it was remarry the smaller of the two.
«I know that, sir. I don't like lemons.»
Einstein for a Day
Albert Einstein, ane of the earth's well-nigh bright and respected scientists, is best known for formulating the theory of relativity which played a critical part in the development of atomic free energy. What may not exist widely known is that Einstein had a fine sense of sense of humour.
There is an agreeable story about Einstein'due south visiting universities in a car driven by a chauffeur, giving lectures on relativity. One twenty-four hour period the chauffeur said: «Mr. Einstein, I've heard you lot give this lecture near 30 times. I know it past heart, and I am certain I could give information technology myself.» «Well, I'll give you a chance», said Einstein. «They won't recognise me at the school. When we get there, I'll put on your cap and y'all innovate yourself as me and requite the lecture.»
The chauffeur gave Einstein's lecture without making a single error. On finishing, he started to leave, but ane of the professors stopped him to ask a complex question. The chauffeur thought fast.
«That problem is and then little», he said, «I'm surprised that you take to enquire me. In fact, to prove you how unproblematic it is, I'chiliad going to ask my chauffeur to come up here and answer your question.»
Text 8B
Прочитайте текст. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
Герундий Значения as и past Суффикс -ize (-ise) Префикс over-Text 8A. A New Era for Aircraft Text 8B. The Render of the Dirigibles Text 8C. Off the Ground: How do Nosotros Find Where We are Going?
...
Text 8D. New York
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1.Найдите в предложениях герундий по его признакам, переведите.
1. On detecting danger on the road the computer signals the driver. 2. Detecting an object in front of a car in the night is the purpose of the «night vision system». 3. One of the main bug of a driver on the road is keeping the speed abiding and watching the cars ahead. 4. A new device for monitoring and adjusting air prescertain in tires has recently been developed. v. Before starting a motorcar 1 must examine it advisedly. 6. Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes. 7. Alexander Bell'southward being a teacher of deaf people influenced his interest in sound and its transmission. viii. Samuel Morse's hobby was experimenting with electricity. nine. Driving a truck in the city is difficult.
Упражнение two.Определите формы и функции герундия.
1. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a estimator for this purpose. ii. Newton's having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory. three. On being turned
on the radar will warn the driver of stationary or deadening-moving objects on the road. 4. Upon being heated the molecules brainstorm moving very rapidly. 5. The white line in the middle of the route is one of the about effective means of controlling traffic. half-dozen. On graduating from the University S.P. Korolev began working in the field of rocket pattern. 7. The role of a car estimator is detecting and summing up the information most the route atmospheric condition. 8. Monitoring and adjusting air pressure in tires is one of the new developments of the car designers. 9. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems without using supercomputers. 10. On seeing a red light on a console and on hearing a warning audio the commuter should decrease the speed. 11. By picking upwardly infrared rays emitted by objects ahead of the car an image-processing system produces unlike images of objects. 12. On studying for one-half an 60 minutes before an exam ane should switch over to some other activity.
Упражнение 3.Переведите предложения и запомните значения выделенных слов.
A. ane. When the first cocky-propelled vehicles appeared, measures
were taken to limit their speed in many countries. 2. His having
measuredthe altitude will enable him to calculate the intensity of
calorie-free. three. The universal system of measuresand weights was worked
out by the French Academy of Scientific discipline in 1791. 4. The distance
from the North Pole to the Equator was measured,i-fourth was
taken and divided into x 1000000 equal parts. One of these parts
was called a «measure»or «a meter».
B. 1. I of the earliest ideas to propel a vehicle usingmechan
ical ability was suggested by Isaac Newton. 2. Having useda steam-
driven engine a French engineer congenital a three-wheeled vehicle for
ii passengers. 3. At the end of the 19th century the applyof cars was
still very express. 4. Abiding efforts are made to usestandard com
ponents for the cars. v. The useof multi-cylinder engines greatly
increased the speed of cars. half dozen. North. Otto having usedthe gasoline en
gine, motor cars got the standard shape and appearance.
C. 1. Many timesAlexander Bell wanted to stop his experi
ments being unable to get any results. 2. Since ancient timespeople
dreamt of flight. 3. Four timesfive is equal to twenty. 4. There is
much more lithium on the earth than zinc, 130 timesmore than
cadmium. v. The magnesium-lithium alloy is i.five timeslighter than
aluminium and 4.5 timeslighter than iron.
Упражнение 4.Переведите предложения и запомните различные значения as.
1. People no longer think of the radio and idiot box as something fantastic. 2. Information technology was necessary to lay cables across the Atlantic Ocean as there was no radio or satellites at that fourth dimension. 3. Rocket launching, concerts, football and lawn tennis matches can be seen on TV as they occur. 4. As the operation of integrated circuits depends on microscopic components, the purity of all materials at the institute must be very high. 5. Ane tin see that there is no main difference between iron and copper as conductors. 6. President T. Jefferson offered his personal library as the basis for the national library. 7. It is difficult for the offset-twelvemonth students to study at the institute equally they do non know yet how to organize their work and time. 8. No system of the past was as simple every bit the metric system. 9. Such metals as iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more magnetic than whatever other known substances. 10. Cryogenic fuels such equally liquid hydrogen are used to cool the aircraft surface. 11. Metallurgists are trying to make blended materials as strong and low-cal as possible. 12. Measures must be taken to go on Moscow air as clean as possible. xiii. Engineers are working at the problem of making computers as small as possible.
Упражнение 5.Переведите предложения, учитывая различные значения предлога by.
1. It should be said that according to estimates the product of materials in space is to bring threescore billion dollars by 2030. 2. The best style to written report before the test is by changing one'due south activity every 30 minutes. 3. The first self-propelled vehicle in Russia was fabricated by Kulibin in the 18-th century. iv. Driving a new Japanese car a driver will observe his manner fifty-fifty in Sahara past switching over to a navigation Earth satellite. 5. By 1960 the number of cars in the world has reached lx million. half dozen. A driver may avoid collisions on the road by using a radar system. 7. Newton'south great work «Principia» was published past Halley, the famous astronomer, who paid his own money for it. eight. The cosmonauts were told to increase their daily exercises past 30 minutes.
Упражнение б. А.Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.
a new class of supersonic transport, prospective model, elongated fuselage, without horizontal stabilizer, cover the altitude, less than two hours, overall length, overall aircraft weight, at high velocities, lower atmosphere, the skin is heated, the just way out,
one of the means, combined engines, combined with, as economic as possible.
единственный выход, комбинированные двигатели, менее двух часов, без горизонтального стабилизатора, нижние слои атмосферы, один из путей, удлиненный фюзеляж, общий вес самолета, обшивка нагревается, на больших скоростях, общая длина, как можно более экономично, перспективная модель, новый вид сверхзвукового транспорта, в сочетании с, покрывать расстояние.
В. Переведите словосочетания.
today'southward aircraft, ordinary aircraft, ordinary aircraft windows, passenger liner, future superliners of such a class, reliable hypersonic plane, wait similar a rocket, five times above the speed of audio, diameter of the fuselage, the front of the motel, the skin is heated to a very high temperature, highly economic engines, new generation model.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Упражнение7. Образуйте и переведите производные слова согласно образцу:
прилагательное или существительное + ize/ise = глагол special — специальный -» specialize — специализировать(ся) computer, ideal, crystal, primal;
префикс over- (сверх-; пере-) to heat — нагревать -» to overheat — перегревать product, active, grow, gauge.
Упражнение 8.Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
aviation, aeroplane, project, passenger, liner, model ['modi], fuselage ['fju:zila:3], horizontal stabilizer ['steibilaiza], rocket, distance, meter ['mi:ta], diameter [dai'aemita], cabin, technological, problem, thermodynamics ['9a:maudai'naemiks], aerodynamics ['saraudai'naemiks], per cent, efficiency [I'fifansi], extreme [iks'tri:m], temperature ['tempntfa], cryogenic ['kraiacfeenik].
Упражнение ix.Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.
supersonic ['sju:pa'sonik], hypersonic ['haipa'sonik], Paris ['paeris], Tokyo ['taukjau], plane [plein], hours ['auaz], reliable [ri'laiabl], combined [kam'baind], engine ['encfein], heat-insulat-
ing [hi:t 'insjuleitiqj, extreme [iks'tri.m], generate ['djendreit], generation, in general, require [north'kwaid], fuel [fjudl], liquid ['likwid], hydrogen ['haidndjen], surface ['sd:fis], vaporize ['veiperaiz], inject [in'djekt], combustion [kem'bAStjen], sleeping accommodation ['tfeimbd], percentage [pe'senticfe].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
stressп — напряжение apart from— помимо, кроме fashion out— выход
amount п — количество announce5 — объявлять, заявлять
combinev — сочетать(ся), комбинировать(ся), объединяться)
combined with— в сочетании с combustion п — горение complicated p.p. — сложный conventional а стандартный currently adv -время
disadvantage п — недостаток measure п — мера noise п — шум overall а — полный, общий overcomev — преодолевать resistance п — сопротивление
efficiency п — производительность, КПД, эффективность e.g. (for example) — например look5 — ожидать, предполагать
extreme а — крайний, чрезвычайный
friction п — трение fuel п — топливо heatv — нагревать(ся) injectfive — впрыскивать, вводить
mainly adv — главным образом structure п — конструкция, структура
substitutev — заменять, подставлять
vaporizev — испарять(ся) velocity п — скорость
Text 8А
Прочитайте текст по абзацам и озаглавьте их. Назовите основные проблемы, рассмотренные в каждом абзаце. Скажите, какие абзацы можно объединить под одним заглавием. Переведите текст.
A New Era for Aircraft
Aviation experts expect that today's aircraft will begin to exist replaced with some new form of supersonic transport in a few years' time. A 21st century hypersonic shipping may open a new historic period of aircraft design.
The designers of this state displayed the project of such a supersonic passenger liner among the prospective models at i of the latest Aerospace Salon held on the old Le Bourget airfield1 in Paris. An elongated fuselage with a sharp nose and without a horizontal stabilizer makes it look more similar a rocket. The speed matches the looks2. This aeroplane will fly at a speed five to six times in a higher place the speed of audio, e.1000., information technology will embrace the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. The diameter of the fuselage will be 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters, with the cabin accomodating 300 passengers. The hereafter superplanes of such a course volition accept no windows, but the passengers can enjoy3 watching the panorama of the Earth on the Television set monitor at the forepart of the cabin. They will fly so fast that ordinary aircraft windows would make the structure too weak to withstand the stresses at such a speed. At high velocities the air resistance in the lower temper is and then nifty that the skin is heated to very high temperature. The only way out is to fly college. Therefore, airliners' routes volition mainly lie in the stratosphere.
In full general, to build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to overcome a whole ready of technological and scientific difficulties. Apart from creating highly economic combined engines and estrus-insulating materials4, designers have to make such an amount of thermodynamic computations that tin can't be performed without using supercomputers. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is lightening the aircraft by substituting new composite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting for5 less than v per cent of the overall aircraft weight now, the percentage of composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation models. An extensive utilize of new materials combined with better aerodynamics and engines will permit increasing fuel efficiency past one-thirdhalf dozen.
Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmosphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated cooling measures. 1 possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, equally both coolantsseven and propellants. The fuel perioding through the shipping's skin would cool the surfaces as it vaporizes earlier being injected into combustion chamber.
In add-on, specialists in many countries are currently working on new propeller engines considered much more economical and less noisy than jets. The only disadvantage is that propeller planes wing slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been announced that specialists succeeded ineight solving this problem. As a result a ventilator engine with a propeller frequently fibre-glass blades has been built, each being five meters long. It will exist mounted in the experimental passenger plane.
Notes to the Text
1. Le Bourget airfield — аэропорт Ле Бурже
two. the looks — внешний вид
three. tin can enjoy — с удовольствием (здесь)
four. heat-insulating materials — теплоизолирующие материалы
5. accounting for — составляя
6. by one-third — на одну треть
7. coolant — охлаждающая жидкость
eight. succeeded in — удалось
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 10.Просмотрите текст 8А и ответьте на вопросы.
ane. What is this text about? 2. What aircraft was displayed in Paris? 3. What are the characteristics of the new liner? 4. What are the difficulties in building a hypersonic plane?
Упражнение 11.Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 8А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.
1. Today's shipping will exist replaced with a new form of supersonic transport in a few years' time. 2. The new hypersonic aircraft that looks like a rocket will encompass the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. 3. The time to come superliner of this course volition have large windows that will allow passengers to spotter the panorama of the Earth. 4. Airliner's routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere because the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is likewise swell. 5. Designers can easily make all the necessary thermody-namic calculations to build a reliable hypersonic airplane. half-dozen. It is possible to lighten the aircraft by substituting conventional metal alloys for new composite materials. 7. Cryogenic fuels are used as both coolants and propellants. 8. The great advantage of propeller planes is that they wing faster than jet planes.
Упражнение 12.Найдите в тексте 8А герундий (см. three, 4 и 5-й абзацы).
Упражнение 13.Найдите герундий в функции обстоятельства, переведите предложения.
one. Flight from Los Angeles to Tokyo on lath a new supersonic craft will take two hours. 2. On examining the auto earlier starting on a long journeying a driver can be sure that he volition become to his destination without accidents. 3. By summing upwardly the information about the speed and distance of diverse objects on the road, the computer de-
tects all possible dangers. 4. A superliner of a new kind will be capable of flight at five times higher up the speed of the sound. 5. The only way of overcoming the not bad air resistance at high velocities is flying higher. six. At depression speeds the engine can utilize turbines for compressing the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. 7. In the future, in switching over to the new Globe satellite a driver tin can be sure of coming safely to his destination. 8. Cryogenic fuels will vaporize earlier being injected into combustion bedroom. 9. In flowing over the aircraft's surface the fuel cools its skin. 10. On reaching its cruising speed the supersonic liner will wing at 100,000 feet higher up the Globe. 11. By using supercomputers it is possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated ther-modynamic computations. 12. A new carburetor offers easier starting in cold weather condition. 13. By using the automated guidance organisation a driver volition exist able to brand long journeys without concentrating on the road conditions. xiv. It is impossible to solve economical problems without using the achievements of the scientific and technological progress.
Упражнение 14.Найдите герундий в парах предложений, переведите их.
1. Overcoming these difficulties is not then like shooting fish in a barrel equally it may seem. Overcoming these difficulties the designers can increase the fuel efficiency. 2. Setting a problem the scientist makes the outset step to its solution. Setting a problem is the offset step to its solution. iii. Covering the distance betwixt Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours this superliner develops a speed five times above the speed of audio. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow on board a superliner requires about two hours. 4. Putting the discovery into exercise the engineers will solve a complicated technological job. Putting the discovery into do sometimes requires more effort than making it.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 15.Образуйте прилагательные от глаголов или существительных по образцу:
move — двинуть, двигаться -» movable — подвижный
comfort, change, compare, control, programme, measure.
Упражнение 16.Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова.
reliable, elongate, percentage, stabilizer, stabilize, prospective, carrier, brilliant, relativity, intelligent, intelligence, aid, fu-
selage, mainly, encircle, deviation, statement, hypersonic, liner, horizontal, powerful.
Упражнение 17.Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.
конструктор — design, designer, to pattern стабилизировать — stabilizer, stability, stabilize самый последний — latest, late, later эффективный — efficient, efficiency, efficiently характеристика, работа — perform, performing, performance надежно — reliable, reliability, reliably немыслимый — thinking, thinkable, unthinkable невесомость — weightlessness, weightless, weight
Упражнение xviii.Определите, синонимами или антонимами являются приведенные пары слов.
reward — disadvantage; to remain — to stay; reliable — unreliable; fast — deadening; apart from — besides, in addition; capable — incapable; to begin — to offset; liquid — solid; to absurd — to estrus; possible — impossible; weak — strong; to build — to break; aircraft — plane; engine — motor.
Упражнение 19.Переведите выделенные слова и словосочетания, запомните их.
i. At higher schools specialization mostly begins in the 3rd year. ii. Nowadays we generally have computers at every institute. 3. This doesn't better the speed of transport vehicles in general and that of an automobile in particular. iv. The general principles of the design of new transport machines in general and diesel locomotives in item can be plant in the new mag. five. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near time to come. six. Because of the farthermost temperatures generated by atmospheric friction a craft volition crave protection. vii.The generation of electrical power increases every year.
Упражнение xx.Определите, какой частью речи является в предложении выделенное слово. Переведите.
ane. Television set has a great number of uses nowadays. two. This car uses a new sensor mechanism. iii. A. Bell wanted to build a mechanism that people could use to talk to one some other over long distances. 4. The new material can be applied in manufacturing components much smaller than those in use today. five. The Library of Congress serves not only Members of the Congress, but re-
searchers and scientists who employit. six. In Russian universities there is no charge for the use of reading rooms, laboratories and libraries. 7. Measuresto go along Moscow's air clean are important components of our ecological program. eight. A thermometer is a device that measurestemperature. 9. Computers can practice many things, they can commandmachines in factories, cars on roads, play chess and so on. ten. Computers controlalmost everything we do in the mod globe. 11. Today dirigibles are equipped with electronic controls.
Упражнение 21.Выберите правильный глагол из приведенных в скобках.
1. The car has ... (brought, brought about) mobility to millions of people, but at the same time polluted the atmosphere. two. The scientific and technological achievements ... (brought, brought about) great changes in people's life and work. 3. A lot of people came to ... (look at, look for) a new invention, the television set, at the World Off-white in New York. four. It was necessary ... (to look at, to expect for) a more reliable method of calculation. 5. The airplane «Ruslan» tin ... (carry, deport out) up to 150 tons. vi. Enquiry is being ... (carried, carried out) for developing new composite materials to lighten aircraft construction.
Упражнение 22.Заполните пропуски предлогами by, with, for, at, in.
The steam was invented ... James Watt, who worked ... many years before he could brand the instruments ... which he perfected his auto. ... first he worked ... primitive tools so he could not make his engine well-regulated. The old automobile was kept going ... a boy who stood by it and permit... the air ... means of which the steam was condensed at every revolution. ... this motorcar, though it was imperfect, some work was washed and it had been used ... a large mine-possessor (шахтовладелец) to pump out the h2o. The first efficient steam-engine was made ... a Birmingham business firm and it was shortly used...nearly every manufacturer. The revolution in manufacture made ... this machine was extremely great.
Упражнение 23.Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их. held, flown, overcome, withstanding, lain, flow, burnt.
Упражнение 24.Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.
«Fifty-fifty the birds aren't flying today» is an former saying used to indicate that the weather for flight is extremely bad. And for man nothing has a greater effect on flying than the weather. And becrusade of its changing and then apace and without alert an extensive
network of weather stations has been fix up for helping the pilots go all the information well-nigh conditions. Before flying pilots may get current weather data on irresolute weather along their route or at their destination. The weather reporting organisation helps overcoming many difficulties in flying. In winter, e.g., icing tin can cause the reduction of lift efficiency of airplane by changing the flow of air. Pilot'southward being informed near the weather allows him to avoid weather problems. The weather being as well bad, pilots just stay on the basis similar whatsoever wise (опытный) bird.
CONVERSATION
Exercise 1.Reply the questions.
one. What kind of aircraft may begin a new age in aviation? (a hypersonic passenger liner) 2. What is the shape of the new liner? (an elongated fuselage with a sharp nose) 3. What distance tin can the new liner cover in less than two hours? (the distance between Tokyo and Moscow) 4. What are the primary problems of building a reliable hypersonic liner? (developing an economical engine and new heat insulating materials combined with amend aerodynamics) 5. What is one of the ways to make a hypersonic liner as economical every bit possible? (using new blended materials) 6. What will exist used for cooling a hypersonic craft? (cryogenic fuels) 7. What combined engine was developed? (a ventilator propeller engine)
Exercise 2.Brand a sentence out of the two parts.
1. Information technology is expected that a new hypersonic aircraft
2. The project of such an shipping was displayed at
iii. At that place is no horizontal stabilizer
iv. Therefore information technology looks more
5. The superliner will mainly fly in the stratosphere at
half dozen. The diameter of the fuselage
7. The passenger superliners of such a class volition have no windows
1. will be 4 meters, overall length 100 meters and its cabin will behave 300 passengers.
ii. a speed v to 6 times above the speed of audio.
3. like a rocket.
iv. since conventional aircraft
windows are too weak to with
stand high stresses at supersonic
speed.
v. the Aerospace Salon in Paris.
half-dozen. will replace todays' aircrafts soon.
seven. in the pattern of a new super-liner.
Exersice3. Read and learn.
Deviation
Ann: Well, skilful-good day, then! I hope you will take a pleasant journey.
Bob: I hope and so too. The weather isn't too bad, anyway.
A.: No, information technology looks good. Just write me a few lines when you arrive,
volition you lot?
I will, indeed. And many thank you for your hospitality.
It was nice having you with us. When will you lot come again?
Information technology is hard to say. Information technology depends on a number of things.
Requite my love to your mother.
I will. Thank you. Adieu.
Bob: I call up, the people of today are the most intelligent (умный)
people who have ever lived. Mary: Before answering this question I want you to mind to the following words: «Flying machines are possible. A man may sit down in
the middle of the auto and plough some device. This device
makes the artificial wings beat out the air in the mode of a flying
bird.» В.: Why take you said this? There is nothing new or interesting. M.: Simply they were written six hundred years ago. В.: Oh, really, who made this statement? M.: Roger Bacon, an English scientist. Of course, his sentences
have been made easier, merely these were his words and thoughts.
Have you lot heard about him? В.: Certainly, I have heard nigh him. But I have thought he was
a monk (монах) and was in prison for many years. M.: You are quite right. Besides, he fabricated a deep report of physics.
And this was the reason (причина) for his being in prison. He
made men think about new things. В.: Oh, Mary, Fve ever said you are the most clever (умный)
girl I've ever met. Do you agree with me, Peter? Peter: Oh, certain. And I call back Bakon's statement about cars that
tin go very rapidly by their own ability and slap-up ships on
rivers and oceans guided by one man.
Exercise 4.Speak about:
ane. The characteristics of a new hypersonic passenger liner.
2. The main difficulties of its construction.
Use exercises 1, two and the following words and word combinations for your topic: The text gives the information on... It is interesting to annotation that... Speaking
most... Further description of... is given. It is pointed out that... As far as I know...
In conclusion I'd similar to say that...
aviation designers, to display, to comprehend the distance, overall, to heat to a very high temperature, new generation aircraft, to overcome difficulties in, a great amount of, without using, extensive utilize of new materials, exceed, to solve a problem.
Exercise 5. Annotate on the post-obit argument.
Air transport has many advantages and many disadvantages.
One point of view : Information technology is fast, comfortable, safe, it is particularly good and efficient for long distances, it is independent of roads, information technology is good for the health considering it is not tiring (утомительно), it is the virtually mod means of transport and it is the best way of travelling.
A contrary bespeak of view : Information technology is non rubber, it is non reliable, information technology depends on the weather, it is not always proficient for the health, it ever takes a long fourth dimension to get from and to the drome, it is expensive, information technology is ever connected with nervous strain (напряжение, стресс)
Do vi.Read and grinning.
A instructor was explaining fractions to the class of girls and boys. After having written several examples on the blackboard, he asked a boy whether he would prefer (предпочитать) one-fifth or 1-eighth of a lemon.
«Fd prefer one-8th, sir.»
Then the teacher began explaining again that though the fraction one-eighth looked larger than the fraction one-5th, it was really the smaller of the 2.
«I know that, sir. I don't like lemons.»
Einstein for a Twenty-four hour period
Albert Einstein, one of the world's nearly brilliant and respected scientists, is best known for formulating the theory of relativity which played a disquisitional part in the evolution of diminutive energy. What may not be widely known is that Einstein had a fine sense of humour.
There is an amusing story near Einstein's visiting universities in a car driven past a chauffeur, giving lectures on relativity. One solar day the chauffeur said: «Mr. Einstein, I've heard you give this lecture about thirty times. I know it by heart, and I am sure I could requite it myself.» «Well, I'll give you a chance», said Einstein. «They won't recognise me at the school. When we get there, I'll put on your cap and you introduce yourself every bit me and give the lecture.»
The chauffeur gave Einstein'southward lecture without making a unmarried mistake. On finishing, he started to leave, but ane of the professors stopped him to enquire a complex question. The chauffeur thought fast.
«That trouble is then trivial», he said, «I'1000 surprised that yous accept to ask me. In fact, to show you how elementary information technology is, I'm going to ask my chauffeur to come up here and respond your question.»
Text 8B
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